Social mobility- movement of individuals, families, or groups through the social hierarchy: switching from one social status to another. Societies that are organized by social class tend to allow more social mobility, influenced by social connections, wealth, and education. Can be influenced by both social structures and individual efforts. 2 types: Horizontal: movement of position within one social level and status, such as changing jobs but keeping the same occupational status: basically a change of position without a change in social class Vertical: the changing of an individual’s or group’s social status: involves a change in social class, such as changing jobs or marrying. (Upward and downward vertical mobility). Migration is a key factor in upward mobility- movement of poor people from rural to urban
Nationalism- depends on when and where you are. Fighting for sovereignty and independence: want nation-state- people should be able to govern themselves. Liberalist idea
Nation-state- where the political/state boundaries are the same as that of the nation or the ethnicity of the people (Nation: a community of people with common traditions, religion, language, culture- civilization)
Imperialism- the policy of extending rule/authority of a nation over other nations main reasons: 1) Control of resources (natural and human- cheap labor) 2) Colony results in a new market for goods from the “mother” country 3) Navy bases, refueling Colonization is overseas imperialism.
Industrialization/ Colonization- rapid economic change: growth of manufacturing, increases ability to produce goods. Opposite of agrarian society (people have less power, landowners hold power, religion is more of a social bond, agriculture. MUST HAVE RAW MATERIALS TO BE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (coal, steel)
Urbanization- opposite of rural. Businesses, services (health care, banking, lawyers), culture (entertainment), transportation (railroads)
Suffrage- the right to vote- women’s rights (property of husbands as a pose to being considered equal)
Secularism- liberalist idea: the state cannot tell individuals what religion they can be. Religion should not interfere with the government. Extreme version is aetheism. SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND STATE.
Darwinism – Definition (oxford dictionary): “the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.” the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring First mentioned in The origin of species written in 1859 by Charles Darwin a british naturalist(the scientific study of animals and/or plants) Social Darwinism– Definition (oxford dictionary): “the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.”
Herbert Spencer (British Philosopher and sociologist)(1820-1903) thought about ideas of evolution and progress before Charles Darwin publishedThe Origin of Species. His ideas received a major boost from Darwin's theories and the general application of ideas such as "adaptation" and "survival of the fittest" to social thought is known as "Social Darwinism". - It would be possible to argue that human evolution showed the benefits of cooperation and community. Spencer, and Social Darwinists after him took another view. He believed that society was evolving toward increasing freedom for individuals; and so held that government intervention, ought to be minimal in social and political life. (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/spencer-darwin.asp)
Social mobility- movement of individuals, families, or groups through the social hierarchy: switching from one social status to another. Societies that are organized by social class tend to allow more social mobility, influenced by social connections, wealth, and education. Can be influenced by both social structures and individual efforts.
2 types:
Horizontal: movement of position within one social level and status, such as changing jobs but keeping the same occupational status: basically a change of position without a change in social class
Vertical: the changing of an individual’s or group’s social status: involves a change in social class, such as changing jobs or marrying. (Upward and downward vertical mobility). Migration is a key factor in upward mobility- movement of poor people from rural to urban
Nationalism- depends on when and where you are. Fighting for sovereignty and independence: want nation-state- people should be able to govern themselves. Liberalist idea
Nation-state- where the political/state boundaries are the same as that of the nation or the ethnicity of the people
(Nation: a community of people with common traditions, religion, language, culture- civilization)
Imperialism- the policy of extending rule/authority of a nation over other nations
main reasons:
1) Control of resources (natural and human- cheap labor)
2) Colony results in a new market for goods from the “mother” country
3) Navy bases, refueling
Colonization is overseas imperialism.
Industrialization/ Colonization- rapid economic change: growth of manufacturing, increases ability to produce goods. Opposite of agrarian society (people have less power, landowners hold power, religion is more of a social bond, agriculture.
MUST HAVE RAW MATERIALS TO BE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (coal, steel)
Urbanization- opposite of rural. Businesses, services (health care, banking, lawyers), culture (entertainment), transportation (railroads)
Suffrage- the right to vote- women’s rights (property of husbands as a pose to being considered equal)
Secularism- liberalist idea: the state cannot tell individuals what religion they can be. Religion should not interfere with the government. Extreme version is aetheism. SEPERATION OF CHURCH AND STATE.
Darwinism – Definition (oxford dictionary): “the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.” the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring First mentioned in The origin of species written in 1859 by Charles Darwin a british naturalist(the scientific study of animals and/or plants)
Social Darwinism – Definition (oxford dictionary): “the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.”
Herbert Spencer (British Philosopher and sociologist)(1820-1903) thought about ideas of evolution and progress before Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species. His ideas received a major boost from Darwin's theories and the general application of ideas such as "adaptation" and "survival of the fittest" to social thought is known as "Social Darwinism". - It would be possible to argue that human evolution showed the benefits of cooperation and community. Spencer, and Social Darwinists after him took another view. He believed that society was evolving toward increasing freedom for individuals; and so held that government intervention, ought to be minimal in social and political life. (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/spencer-darwin.asp)